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Leaving certificate biology
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Unit 1Ecology theory5 Topics|1 Quiz
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Nutrient recycling4 Topics|1 Quiz
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Ecological relationships and population dynamics2 Topics
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Human impact on the ecosystem2 Topics
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Study of a grassland ecosystem3 Topics
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Responses in the Flowering Plant4 Topics|1 Quiz
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Unit 3Sexual reproduction in the flowering plant1 Topic
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The human reproductive system3 Topics
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The menstrual cycle2 Topics
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Pregnancy2 Topics
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The circulatory system4 Topics
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Blood5 Topics
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The heart5 Topics
Lesson 6, Topic 3
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Topic 3: Plant protection
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Structural features
- Epidermis cells are closely packed to reduce water loss and prevent the entry of pathogens. The cuticle helps in both these functions.
- Other protective features include stinging hairs on netttles and sharp thorns on roses


Chemical features
- Plants produce a variety of chemicals to prevent them from being eaten. For example. oaks produce tannins in their leaves
- Heat-shock proteins are produced during high temperatures to prevent plant enzymes from losing shape